Vaccine News

Hookworms infect about half a billion people worldwide and cause more than two billion disability-adjusted life years to be lost. In a recent review, researchers wrote that mass drug administration is the most popular preventive approach but does not prevent reinfection.

The U.S. CDC says people get hookworm infection by walking barefoot on or consuming contaminated soil and passing the parasitic worm's eggs in their feces. And zoonotic hookworms are parasites generally found in animals like dogs or cats. Furthermore, they can also spread to humans through the skin. 

This review, published by Talor and Francis online, highlights recent human studies in which vaccination with irradiated larvae and repeated rounds of infection treatment have induced partial protection.

On November 15, 2024, these researchers stated, 'An effective vaccine would be a major public health tool in hookworm-endemic areas.'

'These studies have emphasized the importance of targeting the infective larvae to generate immunity and prevent adult worms from maturing in the gut.'

In summary, these researchers wrote 'that significant recent advances in human challenge vaccine studies should accelerate the process.'

While the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), influenza activity remains low nationally, healthcare providers and pharmacies are well stocked with various flu shots to meet consumer demand.

Physicians, nurses, and pharmacists can offer patients up to nine influenza vaccines for the 2024-2025 flu season. 

As of November 15, 2024, the CDC reported that 92.35 million influenza vaccine enhanced for the 2024-2025 flu season had already been distributed in the U.S. According to pharmaceutical manufacturers, they are prepared to deliver tens of millions more as needed this season.

About 158 million flu vaccines were distributed during the 2023-2024 flu season.

The CDC recommends that everyone ages 6 months and older get an annual flu shot; some people may get a second dose later in the season.

According to new estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there were an estimated 10.3 million cases of measles worldwide in 2023, a 20% increase from 2022.

The new data show that an estimated 107,500 people, primarily children younger than 5 years of age, died due to measles in 2023.

These agencies confirmed on November 14, 2024, that measles is vaccine-preventable. However, an estimated 83% of children received their first dose of measles vaccine last year, while only 74% received the recommended second dose.

“Measles vaccine has saved more lives than any other vaccine in the past 50 years,” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General, in a press release.

Geographically, 57 countries experienced large or disruptive measles outbreaks in 2023.

The CDC maintains a global Watch-Level 1, Practice Usual Precautions, Travel Health Notice, identifying measles outbreaks in 56 countries. The CDC encourages all international travelers to fully immunize against measles before visiting outbreak countries.

In the United States, the CDC reported 59 measles cases in 20 jurisdictions in 2023. Unfortunately, 277 measles cases in 32 U.S. jurisdictions were confirmed in 2024.

The vast majority of measles cases in the U.S. are detected in unvaccinated international travelers.

Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. today announced the publication of a paper entitled, “Recombinant Chimeric Horsepox Virus (TNX-801) is Attenuated Relative to Vaccinia Virus Strains in Both In Vitro and In Vivo Models.”

Data published in the peer-reviewed journal mSphere demonstrate that TNX‐801 is less virulent than 20th-century vaccinia vaccines in immune-compromised mice.

The publication describes data in which TNX-801 was compared with older vaccinia vaccine strains used to eradicate smallpox for tolerability in both in vitro and in vivo models.

Together, TNX-801 was shown to be more than 10—to 1,000-fold more attenuated (or less virulent) than the older vaccinia smallpox vaccines.

Combined with the ability of TNX-801 to protect animals against lethal challenge with Clade Ia mpox virus, the Company believes that the new tolerability data support the idea that TNX-801 is a candidate vaccine to control the ongoing mpox Clade Ib and mpox Clade IIb outbreaks.

Previously, single-dose vaccination with TNX-801 was shown to protect animals from a lethal challenge with Clade Ia mpox.

The new Clade Ib mpox is spreading among children in Africa and, so far, has been carried by adult travelers from Africa into non-African countries.

The global mpox outbreak from Clade IIb, which commenced in May 2022, continues in various countries, including the United States.

“Addressing the new Clade Ib mpox outbreak and the ongoing spread of Clade IIb mpox may require a single dose mpox vaccine that provides durable protection,” said Seth Lederman, M.D., Chief Executive Officer of Tonix Pharmaceuticals, in a press release on November 13, 2024.

The current standard of prevention focuses on Bavarian Nordic's JYNNEOS® (MVA-BN®, IMVAMUNE®, IMVANEX®) two-dose vaccine, which is commercially available in the United States.

The recently released World Health Organization (WHO) 2024 Global Tuberculosis Report revealed tuberculosis remains a leading infectious disease globally.

Unfortunately, the WHO African Region continues to be significantly impacted by tuberculosis (TB) outbreaks.

For example, Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are among the eight countries that account for over 60% of the people estimated to have developed TB in 2023.

Nigeria has 4.6% of the global new cases, while the DRC has 3.1%.

When visiting Nigeria or the DRC, the U.S. CDC's Travel Health Notices do not recommend TB vaccination. 

The only vaccine use to prevent TB is about 100 years.

Today, over ten versions of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine are used worldwide.

Over the decades, BCG vaccination has been found effective for children but less so for adults. The good news is that various TB vaccine candidates are in late-stage development, with authorizations expected soon.

Novavax, Inc. today announced its financial results and operational highlights for the third quarter ended September 30, 2024. A few highlights are inserted below:

For the third quarter of 2024, total revenue was $85 million, compared to $187 million in the same period in 2023. And ended the quarter with $1 billion in cash and receivables.

Advanced preparation for Sanofi to assume lead commercial responsibility of Nuvaxovid™ COVID-19 vaccine for the 2025-2026 vaccination season in the U.S., Europe, and select major markets not currently subject to Novavax Advanced Purchase Agreements or existing partnership agreements.

Entered the U.S. market with an improved Nuvaxovid presentation and broader access, available in pre-filled syringes in over 30,000 locations across major pharmacy retailers and regional grocers.

John C. Jacobs, President and Chief Executive Officer of Novavax, commented in a press release on November 12, 2024, “In addition to progress on our other value drivers, this past quarter, we made significant progress defining our R&D strategy as we look to expand beyond COVID-19 and influenza."

"We intend to develop our early-stage pipeline with a disciplined approach, as we focus on areas where our technology can have a positive impact on public health and generate value.”

An example is the R21/Matrix-M™ vaccine that includes Novavax's proprietary saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant. This malaria vaccine is manufactured by the Serum Institute of India Private Ltd and is available in various African countries in 2024.

Arcturus Therapeutics Holdings Inc. today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a “Study Can Proceed” notification for the Company’s Investigational New Drug application, ARCT-2304, a self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA) vaccine candidate for active immunization to prevent pandemic influenza disease caused by H5N1 virus.

The sa-mRNA vaccine candidate is designed to make many copies of mRNA within the host cell after intramuscular injection to enhance the expression of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens, thereby enabling lower doses than conventional mRNA vaccines.

“Arcturus is actively engaged with the U.S. government to prepare for the next pandemic, and clearance to proceed into the clinic with our STARR® self-amplifying mRNA technology is a key step in this important process,” said Joseph Payne, President & CEO of Arcturus Therapeutics, in a press release on November 11, 2024.

“The Phase 1 clinical trial is designed to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of ARCT-2304 as a potential vaccine to protect against the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza.”

The clinical study is funded by the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority.

The U.S. and European vaccine agencies have previously approved avian and pandemic influenza vaccines and have recently awarded funding grants for (bird flu) vaccine candidates.